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The phrase "tyranny of the majority" (or "tyranny of the masses") is used in discussing systems of democracy and majority rule. It involves a scenario in which decisions made by a majority place its interests above those of an individual or minority group, constituting active oppression comparable to that of a tyrant or despot.〔John Stuart Mill. (On Liberty, The Library of Liberal Arts edition, p.7. )〕 In many cases a disliked ethnic, religious or racial group is deliberately penalized by the majority element acting through the democratic process.〔https://publius2013.wordpress.com/2012/05/31/tyranny-of-the-minority/〕〔-Hamilton writing to Jefferson from the Constitutional Convention argued the same.〕 Supermajority rules, constitutional limits on the powers of a legislative body, and the introduction of a Bill of Rights have been used to counter the problem.〔A Przeworski, JM Maravall, I NetLibrary ''(Democracy and the Rule of Law )'' (2003) p.223〕 A separation of powers may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government.〔 ==Term== A term used in Classical and Hellenistic Greece for oppressive popular rule was ''ochlocracy'' ("mob rule"). ''Tyranny'' meant rule by one man whether undesirable or not. The phrase "tyranny of the majority" was used by John Adams in 1788.〔John Adams, ''A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America'', Vol. 3 (London: 1788), p. 291.〕 The phrase gained prominence after its appearance in 1835 in ''Democracy in America'', by Alexis de Tocqueville, where it is the title of a section.〔Vol. 1, chap. 15. Earlier, Edmund Burke, in ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' (1790), said that "The tyranny of a multitude is a multiplied tyranny."〕 It was further popularised by John Stuart Mill, who cites Tocqueville, in ''On Liberty'' (1859). ''The Federalist'' Papers refer to the broad concept, as in ''Federalist'' 10, first published in 1787, which speaks of "the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority." The term was widely employed in mid-nineteenth-century America in conjunction with a series of moral questions (Sabbath, temperance, racial equality) that gave rise to organized minority groups in American political life.〔Volk, Kyle G. (2014). ''(Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy )''. New York: Oxford University Press.〕 Lord Acton also used this term, saying: The concept itself was popular with Friedrich Nietzsche and the phrase (in translation) is used at least once in the first sequel to ''Human, All Too Human'' (1879).〔See for example maxim 89 of Friedrich Nietzsche, ''Human, All Too Human: First Sequel: Mixed Opinions and Maxims'', 1879〕 Ayn Rand, Objectivist philosopher and novelist, wrote against such tyranny, saying that individual rights are not subject to a public vote, and that the political function of rights is precisely to protect minorities from oppression by majorities (and that the smallest minority on earth is the individual).〔Ayn Rand (1961), (''"Collectivized 'Rights,'"'' ) The Virtue of Selfishness.〕 In 1965, Herbert Marcuse referred to the tyranny of the majority in his essay "''Repressive Tolerance''" on the idea of tolerance in advanced industrial society. He affirmed that "tolerance is extended to policies, conditions, and modes of behavior which should not be tolerated because they are impeding, if not destroying, the chances of creating an existence without fear and misery." and that "this sort of tolerance strengthens the tyranny of the majority against which authentic liberals protested."〔(''The Repressive Tolerance'' by Herbert Marcuse )〕 In 1994, legal scholar Lani Guinier used the phrase as the title for a collection of law review articles.〔Lani Guinier, ''The Tyranny of the Majority'' (Free Press: 1994)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tyranny of the majority」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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